چکیده:
ﻗﺮارداد ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺮای ﺣﺼﻮل ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﯽ ﻫﺪف ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ از اراده ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ در ﯾﮏ ﻗﺮارداد اﺟﺮای آن اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا ﻟﺰوم ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪی ﺑﻪ آن از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋﻫﺎی ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ و در ﻫﻤﯿﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺮارداد در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ دو ﭼﻨﺪان ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ و ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ﻫﺎی ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎی ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوت دارﻧﺪ وﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ در ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از ﻣﻮارد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﺻﻮﻻ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ اﻟﺰام آور ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ وﺿﻊ ﺷﺪه ﯾﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎی ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ و ﻣﺸﺘﺮک ﺑﺸﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺛﻤﺮات و ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎل دارﻧﺪ. ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺮارداد و ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرﺗﻬﺎی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آن در ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان و انگلستان از ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ.ﻗﺮارداد از اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ اوﻟﯿﻦ ﻧﻬﺎد ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ در ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻗﺘﻀﺎی ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎی ﺑﺸﺮ در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ و ﺗﺤﻮل و ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺷﯿﻮهﻫﺎی ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻧﻘﺾ ﻗﺮارداد از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﻮد ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ از اراده ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ در ﯾﮏ ﻗﺮارداد، اﺟﺮای آن و ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن ﻫﺪف آن اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮری ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻈﺎم های ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻋﻠﯽ رﻏﻢ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎی ﺑﻨﯿﺎدی آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺪاﺑﯿﺮی اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪه اﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ اﺟﺮای ﻗﺮارداد را اﻟﺰاﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪای ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ آن ﺑﺮای ﻃﺮف ﭘﯿﻤﺎن ﺷﮑﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. از ﻫﻤﯿﻦ روی اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎی ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻟﺰوم وﻓﺎی ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﻗﺮارداد در ﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﯿﻮهﻫﺎی ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﭘﯿﻤﺎن شکنی در آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ.
Today, economic sanctions have become very important as a tool to ensure the implementation of international rules as well as the maintenance of peace and the restoration of international peace and security because they affect many social, economic, political and sociological issues. This article aims to examine the impact of banking sanctions on the international activities of the Iranian banking system and the options ahead, and to answer the question of what effects have banking sanctions had on the activities of the Iranian banking system? It has been written and the results show that given that sanctions are tools in the hands of governments and international organizations to achieve specific political goals, banking sanctions actually target the international activities of the banking system and want to put pressure on the system. A country's banking harms its economy and forces the target country to adopt its own policies. Meanwhile, the banking sanctions imposed on Iran to force it to abandon its nuclear program.