چکیده:
از آنجا که آزادسازی تجارت و فعالیتهای تجاری در بستر محیطزیست صورت میگیرد، میتواند بهطور مستقیم بر آن اثرگذار باشد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی جایگاه و اهمیت محیطزیست در تجارت آزاد امریکای شمالی، نحوه شکلگیری و عملکرد کمیسیون همکاری در افزایش همکاریهای زیستمحیطی و رسیدگی به شکایات زیستمحیطی است. یکی دیگر از محورهای این پژوهش، تحولات و مذاکرات اخیر نفتا و شکلگیری موافقتنامه تجاری 2018 امریکا، کانادا و مکزیک است که در نهایت به مقایسه آن با توافق جامع تجاری اقتصادی کانادا و اتحادیه اروپا و تدابیر زیستمحیطی آن پرداخته شده است. بررسیهای پژوهش نشان میدهد کمیسیون همکاری توانسته در شفافسازی که مستلزم مدیریت زیستمحیطی است و همچنین در اجرای برنامههایی که لازمه آنها همکاری سهجانبه کشورهای عضو است موفق عمل کند و بدین ترتیب، الگوی مناسبی برای نهادهای مشابه قرار گیرد.
Trade liberalization and trade activities may have direct impacts on environment. The aim of this research is to study the importance of environment in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the function of Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) in addressing environmental complaints. Another axis of this research is NAFTA renegotiations and American trade agreement which is called USMCA in 2018 and compare it with the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) which is a trade agreement between Canada and Europe. The research using an analytical-descriptive method concludes that according to the commission actions, the commission has been successful in showing transparency and also in the implementation of plans of the member States and as a result can be a good model for the same organizations.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Raustiala, Kal, “International “Enforcement of Enforcement under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation”, Virgina Journal Of International Law, No. 3, 1996, p.
Markell, David L, “North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation”, The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Heidelberg and Oxford University Press, 2008-, online edition available at: [www.
Markell, David L, “The North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation after Ten Years: Lessons about Institutional Structure and Public Participation in Governance”, Loy. L.
– Yang, Tseming, “The Effectiveness of the NAFTA Environmental Side Agreement's Citizen Submission Process: A Case Study of Metales Y Derivados”, University of Colorado Law Review, No. 76, 2006, p.
Charnovitz, Steve, “The NAFTA Environmental Side Agreement: Implications for Environmental Cooperation, Trade Policy, and American Treatymaking”, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, No. 8, 1994.
Charnovitz, Steve, “The NAFTA Environmental Side Agreement: Implications for Environmental Cooperation, Trade Policy, and American Treatymaking”, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, No. 8, 1994.
Raustiala, Kal, “International Enforcement of Enforcement under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation”, Virgina Journal of International Law, No. 3, 1996.
Wold, Chris, “Evaluating NAFTA and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation: Lessons for Integrating Trade and Environment in Free Trade Agreements”, Saint Louis University Public Law Review, No. 28, 2008.
Wold, Chris, “Evaluating NAFTA and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation: Lessons for Integrating Trade and Environment in Free Trade Agreements”, Saint Louis University Public Law Review, No. 28, 2008.